Use of some Adverbs
1.Much and Very के प्रयोग
(a) Much : इसका प्रयोग Past Participle में होता है,
जैसे
1. I am much pleased. मै बहुत खुश हैं।
2. I am much vexed with your behaviour:
मैं तुम्हारे व्यवहार से बहुत तंग आ गया हूँ।
Much का प्रयोग Comparative Degree के साथ होता है, जैसे
1. I am much happier today.
मैं आज बहुत खुश हूँ।
2. Ram is much better than Shyam.
राम श्याम से अधिक अच्छा है।
(b) Very : इसका प्रयोग Present Participle में होता है, जैसे
1. It is a very interesting story .
यह बहुत ही मनपसंद कहानी है
2. It is very shocking.
यह बहुत ही शोक पहुंचाने वाला समाचार है।
Very का प्रयोग Positive Degree में होता है, जैसे
1. I am very happy to recieve your letter.
मैं आपकी चिट्ठी पाकर बहुत खुश हूँ।
2. The scene is very interesting.
यह बहुत ही रोचक दृश्य है।
2. Too का प्रयोग
Too एक Adverb है जिसका प्रयोग किसी Adjective के पहले होता है। इस too के अर्थ होते हैं-
(a) यह किसी गुण की उचित से अधिक मात्रा बताता है। उचित से अधिक मात्रा बतलाने वाले'too' के बाद कोई Adjective आता है। इस अर्थ में इसका प्रयोग किसी वांछनीय गुण (quality) के साथ होता है। जब हम किसी गुण की निन्दा करते हैं तभी हम गुण सूचक Adjective के पहले 'too' का प्रयोग करते हैं, जैसे
1.Ram is too idle
राम अत्यधिक आलसी है।
2.Hitler was too cruel -
हिटलर बेहद निर्दयी था।
ऊपर 'आलस्य' और 'निर्दयता' निन्दनीय गुण हैं। अत: idle (आलसी) और cruel (निर्दय) के पहले too का प्रयोग हुआ। अत्यधिक मात्रा बतलाने पर too के बाद केवल Adjective (idle, cruel) आएगा। Adjective के बाद कोई अन्य पद नहीं आया।
(b) यह असमर्थता बताकर नकारात्मक (Negative) अर्थ रखता है। असमर्थता बतलाने के लिए जब हम too का प्रयोग करते हैं ती too के बाद कोई Adjective और उसके बाद कोई Infinitive (to संयुक्त कोई क्रिया भी) अवश्य आता है। अर्थ नकारात्मक होगा. जैसे-
1. The old man is too weak to walk.
बूढा इतना असमर्थ है कि चल नहीं सकता।
2. He is too honest to deceive anyone.
वह इतना ईमानदार है कि किसी को धोखा नहीं दे सकता।
इन वाक्यों में too के बाद weak तथा honest का प्रयोग Adjective के रुप में हुआ और फिर उनके बाद to walk तथा to deceive का प्रयोग किया गया है जो Infinities Too के विकल्प- हम लोग वाक्य में too हटाकर रूप परिवर्तन कर सकते हैं।
(a) वैसे वाक्य जिनमें too का प्रयोग किसी गुण की उचित से अधिक मात्रा बताने लिए हुआ है, उनमें too के हटा देने पर more than proper, more than required, more than desirable का प्रयोग करना चाहिए। Too + Adjective वाले वाक्यों के परिवर्तित रूप इस प्रकार हैं -
Sentences with 'too'
1. The weather is too hot.
2. He came too late.
3. The was too chill.
4. He was too careless.
5. The water was too cold.
Sentences without 'too'
1. The weather is hotter than desirable.
2. He came later than proper.
3. The wind was more chill than bearable.
4. He was more careless than was proper for him.
5. The water was colder than required.
(b) असमर्थता सूचक too के हटाने पर प्रथम उपवाक्य में so और दूसरे में cannot या could not लगता हैं। Too + Adjective + Infinitive वाले वाक्यों के परिवर्तित रूप प्रकार हैं-
Sentences with 'too'
1. He is too honest to deceive anyone.
2. The stone is too hard to break.
3. He was too moved to speak.
4. The top was too high to reach.
कहीं-कहीं Infinitive के स्थान पर for + noun भी आता है।
1. The news was too shocking for her.
2. My heart was too full for words.
Sentences without 'too'
1. He is so honest that he cannot deceive any one.
2. The stone so hard that we cannot break it.
3. He was so moved that he could not speak.
4. The top was so high that it could not be
reached.
कहीं-कहीं Infinitive के स्थान पर for + noun भी आता है।
1. The news was more shocking than she
could bear.
2. My heart was so full that not speak out
words.
अन्य विशेषताएँ-too संयुक्त वाक्य से Simple होता है। पर जब हम 'too' हटाकर वाक्य का परिवर्तन करते हैं तो वाक्य complex हो जाता है, जैसे
You are too hasty. (Simple Sentence)
You are more hasty than is required. (Complex Sentence)
साथ ही असमर्थता-सूचक too का जब परिवर्तन होता है Positive से Negative हो जाता है, जैसे वाक्य
You are too selfish to help others. (Positive Sentence)
You are so selfish that you cannot help others. (Negative Sentence)
3. Very much, Too much, Much too
and Only too.
Very much : इसका अर्थ होता है पूर्ण रूप से', जैसे
1. I am very much obliged to you.
2. I am very much sorry for this boy.
Too much : इसका अर्थ है 'इतना अधिक जितना नहीं होना चाहिए', जैसे-
1. It gives me too much pain.
2. It is too much.
Much too : इससे भी 'इतना अधिक जितना नहीं होना चाहिए' का ही बोध होता है.
1. It is much too painful.
2. He is much too free.
Only too : इससे 'बहुत' का बोध होता है, जैसे
I shall be only too glad to see you. यानी,
I shall be only too glad to see you.
4.Presently, Shortly and Directly
Presently : इसके दो अर्थ होते हैं शीघ्र (soon) और अभी (at present), जैसे
1. He is presently a teacher.
2. He will go presently.
Shortly : इसका अर्थ होता है शीघ्र ही (soon without delay), जैसे
He will go shortly.
Directly : इसका भी अर्थ है 'शीघ्र ही', परंतु Shortly का अर्थ जहाँ in short(संक्षेप में होता है, वहीं Directly का अर्थ straight (सीधे) होता है, जैसे
He will go directly to Bhopal.
5. Presently and Just now
Presently का प्रयोग जहाँ शीघ्र (soon) के अर्थ में future action के लिए होता है. वहीं just now का past action के लिए, जैसे
1. I shall go presently.
2. He has come just now.
6. Before and Ago
इन दोनों का अर्थ 'पहले' होता है और इनसे समय (time) का बोध होता है। Past Simple या Present Tense के साथ Before आता है परन्तु Ago के साथ हमेशा Past Simple Tense आता है, जैसे
1. I have seen this before.
2. I came here an hour ago.
Exercise for Practice
(A) Pick out the Adverbs in the following sentences and mention the class to which they belong :
1. The examination runs smoothly.
2. The sun shines brightly.
3. He reads his lesson carefully.
4. Sohan will go to Patna tomorrow.
5. Do not make a noise.
6. I am much troubled.
7. She can hardly write a correct sentence.
8. When will you go to Bombay?
9. Why are you laughing?
10. How many teachers are in your school?
11. He is extremely poor.
12. Where do you live at?
13. This story is very interesting.
14. He often comes to my hostel.
15. He shall do this work by all means.
(B) Fill up the blanks with suitable
Adverbs:-
1. Can he write....... ?
2. God is.........?
3. Ram is.......better than Mohan.
4. He is........perplexed.
5 _____were she absent yesterday.
6. He rises_____
7. _____students are in your school?
8. He works _______.
9. Go______
10. I shall go to Bombay____.
11. Yours______.
12.You are______right.
13. This pen is____ costly than that.
14.____are you going?
15_____are you laughing?
Common Errors
Incorrect
1. He is too rich to buy a bus.
2. He didn't help and I, too, did not.
3. It is very hot to play football.
Peace is too good for mankind.
He was enough kind to help me.
6. The weather is enough fair for me.
7 Ram failed, and so he was little sorry.
8 Ram is much intelligent.
9. You are much lucky
10. She is much beautiful.
11. He is very worse than you.
12. You are very stronger than Mohan.
13. He explained the poem much clearly
14. He is very stronger than I.
15. You are the much strongest man.
16. He is very the strongest man.
17. It is much interesting.
18. It is much distressing
19. I am very surprised.
20. You are very ashamed.
21. I don't like him very much.
22. I like him much.
23. You are much ugly but she is much
lovely.
24. He is the much best boy of his class.
25. I am very interested in your story.
26. I give him much too freedom.
27. He is too much free.
28. What are you? Presently I am a student.
29. I shall go just now
30. He has gone presently.
Correct
1. He is too poor to buy a bus.
2. He didn't help and neither did I.
3. It is too hot to play football.
4. Peace is very good for mankind.
5. He was kind enough to help me.
6. The weather is fair enough for me.
7. Ram failed, and so he was a little sorry.
8. Ram is very intelligent
9. You are very lucky.
10. She is very beautiful.
11. He is much worse than you.
12. You are much stronger than Mohan.
13. He explained the poem very clearly
14. He is very much stronger than I.
15. You are the very strongest man.
16. He is the very strongest man.
17. It is very interesting
18. It is very distressing.
19. I am much surprised.
20. You are much ashamed.
21. I don't like him much.
22. I like him very much.
23.You are very ugly but she is very lovely
24. He is the very best boy of his class.
25. T am much inerested in your story
26. I give him too much freedom.
27. He is much too free.
28. What are you? At present I am a student.
29. I shall go presently.
30. He has gone just now.
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